It was one of the great moments of humanity when Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845– 1923) discovered a new kind of radiation on 8 November 1895. He himself modestly called them “X-rays�. Röntgen name and his rays became world famous. On 10 December 1901, Röntgen received the �rst Nobel Prize in Physics. X-rays have lost none of their appeal since then. They still permeate all areas of science, technology and medicine and accompany us in our everyday lives. However, Röntgen scienti�c work cannot be reduced to this one great discovery alone. He was an excellent natural scientist, and his spirit of research is still an example for many scientists today. Röntgen very special interest in precision physics is also more topical than ever. This carefully curated volume offers a multifaceted view of an outstanding natural scientist and provides insights into his personal legacy.