The main aim of this book is to understand the interplay between the SDGs and urban health. This is a critical issue in cities, considering the complexity of health issues and how they transcend most SDGs. However, the SDGs are premised on a broad set of generalised indicators and targets. Simultaneously, local contexts differ; thus, a one-size-fits-all understanding of urban health problems is not helpful. Therefore, the SDGs require Health in All Policies (HiAP) – “an approach to public policy across sectors that systematically takes into account the health implications of decisions, seeks synergies and avoids harmful health impacts to improve population health and health equity� (Ramirez-Rubio et al. 2019). In applying the HiAP concept, this book adopts a case study approach and considers the poor neighborhoods of a South African city, specifically Bloemfontein, part of the Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality. Each chapter presented in the book considers a particular SDG and how that goal relates to urban health.