This edited volume is based on the best papers accepted for presentation during the 1st Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-1), Tunisia 2018. The book is of interest to all researchers in the fields of Mineralogy, Geochemistry, Petrology and Volcanology. The Earths interior is a source of heat, which makes our planet unique. This source regulates the formation and evolution of rocks at larger scales, and of minerals and sediments toward smaller scales. In such context, the exploration of georesources (products) has to be related to petrogenesis (processes). This volume offers an overview of the state-of-the-art petrogenesis and exploration in, but not limited to, the Middle East and Mediterranean regions. It gives new insights into processes and products related to the Earths interior, and associated georesources by international researchers. Main topics include: 1. Petrogenetic processes: geochemistry, geochronologyand geophysical approaches 2. Surficial processes: sedimentation and facies analysis 3. Applied mineralogy and tectonics 4. Geological research applied to mineral deposits