Focusing on five main groups of interdisciplinary problems, this book covers a wide range of topics in mathematical modeling, computational science and applied mathematics. It presents a wealth of new results in the development of modeling theories and methods, advancing diverse areas of applications and promoting interdisciplinary interactions between mathematicians, scientists, engineers and representatives from other disciplines. The book offers a valuable source of methods, ideas, and tools developed for a variety of disciplines, including the natural and social sciences, medicine, engineering, and technology. Original results are presented on both the fundamental and applied level, accompanied by an ample number of real-world problems and examples emphasizing the interdisciplinary nature and universality of mathematical modeling, and providing an excellent outline of today challenges. Mathematical modeling, with applied and computational methods and tools, plays a fundamental role in modern science and engineering. It provides a primary and ubiquitous tool in the context making new discoveries, as well as in the development of new theories and techniques for solving key problems arising in scientific and engineering applications. The contributions, which are the product of two highly successful meetings held jointly in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada on the main campus of Wilfrid Laurier University in June 2015, i.e. the International Conference on Applied Mathematics, Modeling and Computational Science, and the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Applied and Industrial Mathematics (CAIMS), make the book a valuable resource for any reader interested in a broader overview of the methods, ideas and tools involved in mathematical and computational approaches developed for other disciplines, including the natural and social sciences, engineering and technology.