This book studies the influence of material properties on the precision machining process from a microscopic perspective. In the present book, the properties of single crystal materials, polycrystalline materials, amorphous materials, ferrous materials, diamond tool materials, size effects and their influence on the cutting process and performance in precision machining are proposed. Moreover, the cutting mechanism and surface generation as machining different materials are presented, also some cutting process optimizations are suggested to improve the cutting processes. This book aims to provide a variety of feasible machining technology and advanced cutting processes for machining different kinds of materials. Since the book focuses on the materials oriented precision processes, it encompasses both materials science and machining technologies. Graduate students, researchers and engineering technicians in related research fields will benefit from this book.